[In vivo measurement of the mineral content of renal calculi by dual-photon absorptiometry. Correlation with its fragility to extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy]. / Medición vivo del contenido mineral de los cáculos renales por densitometría de doble haz correlación con su fragilidad a la litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque.

After a few years of experience with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and other fragmentation techniques, it has become apparent that stone fragility is a significant clinical distinction that should be taken into consideration when selecting a treatment program. In 30 unselected patients, stone mineral content, density and area were measured in vivo by dual-photon absorptiometry prior to perform ESWL treatment. Stone area determinations showed a median of 4.21 with a range of 0.46 to 49.7 cm2. Stone mineral content (g) and stone density (g/cm2) values were 2.47 and 0.46 with ranges of 0.37 to 13.7 and 0.167 to 1.203 respectively. The number of shocks needed for total fragmentation were 2375 with a range of 1200 to 7800. No correlation could be found between the number of shocks needed for fragmentation and the stone area or density. On the other hand, a strong linear correlation (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) (Fig. 1) could be demonstrated between stone mineral content and the number of shocks needed for fragmentation. Our results support the concept that size alone is not always a suitable criterion for selecting a stone as appropiate for ESWL, since no correlation could be found between stone area and the number of shocks needed for total fragmentation. We were also unable to find any correlation between in vivo stone density measured by dual-photon absorptiometry and the number of shocks required for stone fragmentation. Instead, a strong linear correlation between stone mineral content and its resistance to shock wave fragmentation was found. Therefore, calculation of mineral content appears to be the determinant of the amount of energy required for total fragmentation. Our results strongly suggest that in vivo stone mineral content measurement provides helpful information for predicting the fragmentation prospect of a stone.

Medición vivo del contenido mineral de los cáculos renales por densitometría de doble haz correlación con su fragilidad a la litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque. / [In vivo measurement of the mineral content of renal calculi by dual-photon absorptiometry. Correlation with its fragility to extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy]

After a few years of experience with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and other fragmentation techniques, it has become apparent that stone fragility is a significant clinical distinction that should be taken into consideration when selecting a treatment program. In 30 unselected patients, stone mineral content, density and area were measured in vivo by dual-photon absorptiometry prior to perform ESWL treatment. Stone area determinations showed a median of 4.21 with a range of 0.46 to 49.7 cm2. Stone mineral content (g) and stone density (g/cm2) values were 2.47 and 0.46 with ranges of 0.37 to 13.7 and 0.167 to 1.203 respectively. The number of shocks needed for total fragmentation were 2375 with a range of 1200 to 7800. No correlation could be found between the number of shocks needed for fragmentation and the stone area or density. On the other hand, a strong linear correlation (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) (Fig. 1) could be demonstrated between stone mineral content and the number of shocks needed for fragmentation. Our results support the concept that size alone is not always a suitable criterion for selecting a stone as appropiate for ESWL, since no correlation could be found between stone area and the number of shocks needed for total fragmentation. We were also unable to find any correlation between in vivo stone density measured by dual-photon absorptiometry and the number of shocks required for stone fragmentation. Instead, a strong linear correlation between stone mineral content and its resistance to shock wave fragmentation was found. Therefore, calculation of mineral content appears to be the determinant of the amount of energy required for total fragmentation. Our results strongly suggest that in vivo stone mineral content measurement provides helpful information for predicting the fragmentation prospect of a stone.

Litiasis renal coraliforme tratada con ondas de choque: aspectos bacteriológicos / Coraliform renal lithiasis treated with shockwaves: bacteriologic aspects

Se estudió mediante urocultivos pre y post-ESWL (litotricia extracorpórea con ondas de choque) y hemocultivos a pacientes, con cálculos coraliformes y sin signos clínicos de infección urinaria. Se incorporaron al estudio 80 pacientes adultos, 47 del sexo femenino y 33 del sexo masculino. A los 50 primeros pacientes se les tomaron 3 muestras de hemocultivos, durante el procedimiento. Los 150 hemocultivos fueron negativos y ninguno de los 80 pacientes tuvo fiebre, escalofríos e temblores durante el ESWL. Cuarenta y dos pacientes presentaron urocultivo pre-ESWL positivo (52,5 por ciento) con un total de 43 especies bacterianas, ya que hubo un caso con infección mixta. Se aislaron 49 especies bacterianas en 48 urocultivos positivos post-ESWL (60 por ciento. Seis casos presentaron bacteriuria post-ESWL que no había estado presente en el examen pre-ESWL. Los hallazgos bacteriológicos pre-post-ESWL fueron: Proteus mirabilis (22/22). E. coli (11/11), P. aeruginosa (4/5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2/2). Enterobacter cloacae (0/1), Alcaligenes odorans (1/2), Enterococcus faecalis (1/3), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1/2) y Candida albicans (1/1). En total 43/49, y la diferencia fueron 6 especies bacterianas. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados el riesgo de bacteriemia para este grupo sería muy bajo. En el 60 por ciento de los cálculos coraliformes se pudo demostrar una infección bacteriana

Litiasis renal coraliforme tratada con ondas de choque: aspectos bacteriológicos / Coraliform renal lithiasis treated with shockwaves: bacteriologic aspects

Se estudió mediante urocultivos pre y post-ESWL (litotricia extracorpórea con ondas de choque) y hemocultivos a pacientes, con cálculos coraliformes y sin signos clínicos de infección urinaria. Se incorporaron al estudio 80 pacientes adultos, 47 del sexo femenino y 33 del sexo masculino. A los 50 primeros pacientes se les tomaron 3 muestras de hemocultivos, durante el procedimiento. Los 150 hemocultivos fueron negativos y ninguno de los 80 pacientes tuvo fiebre, escalofríos e temblores durante el ESWL. Cuarenta y dos pacientes presentaron urocultivo pre-ESWL positivo (52,5 por ciento) con un total de 43 especies bacterianas, ya que hubo un caso con infección mixta. Se aislaron 49 especies bacterianas en 48 urocultivos positivos post-ESWL (60 por ciento. Seis casos presentaron bacteriuria post-ESWL que no había estado presente en el examen pre-ESWL. Los hallazgos bacteriológicos pre-post-ESWL fueron: Proteus mirabilis (22/22). E. coli (11/11), P. aeruginosa (4/5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2/2). Enterobacter cloacae (0/1), Alcaligenes odorans (1/2), Enterococcus faecalis (1/3), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1/2) y Candida albicans (1/1). En total 43/49, y la diferencia fueron 6 especies bacterianas. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados el riesgo de bacteriemia para este grupo sería muy bajo. En el 60 por ciento de los cálculos coraliformes se pudo demostrar una infección bacteriana (AU)

[Staghorn renal lithiasis treated with shock waves. Bacteriologic aspects]. / Litiasis renal coraliforme tratada con ondas de choque. Aspectos bacteriológicos.

Struvite renal stones are caused by infection of the urine with bacteria that synthesize the enzyme urease. Ammonium is released by the breakdown of urea by urease, the urine becomes highly alkaline, and magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and carbonate apatite crystallize. Incorporation of the infecting bacteria within the developing stone, results in a focus of infection that is resistant to conventional antimicrobial therapy, and which is manifested clinically by repeated urinary tract infection caused by persistent bacteriuria. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) currently is accepted as the election treatment for most renal calculi. This trial examines the bacteriologic aspects pre and post-ESWL. Eighty adult patients, 47 females and 33 males, without clinical signs of urinary tract infections (UTI) were submitted to urine cultures pre and post-ESWL. The first 50 patients underwent during and post-ESWL, 150 blood cultures, which all proved to be negative, confirming very low risk of generalized sepsis. No patient presented fever, chills or rigors pre or postprocedures. With respect to urine cultures 43 patients (52.5%) had a pre-ESWL UTI, in comparison to 49 (60%) who had a UTI post-ESWL. The distribution of organisms pre and post-ESWL was as follows: Proteus mirabilis (22/22), Escherichia coli (11/11), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4/5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2/2), Enterobacter cloacae (0/1), Alcaligenes odorans (1/2) Enterococcus faecalis (1/3), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1/2) and Candida albicans (1/1). In this study 6 patients presented bacteriuria post-ESWL probably due to bacteria from inside the calculi. According to these results, the risk of bacteremia seems to be very low. In 60% of staghorn renal stones we could demonstrate a bacterial infection.

Litiasis renal coraliforme tratada con ondas de choque. Aspectos bacteriológicos. / [Staghorn renal lithiasis treated with shock waves. Bacteriologic aspects]

Struvite renal stones are caused by infection of the urine with bacteria that synthesize the enzyme urease. Ammonium is released by the breakdown of urea by urease, the urine becomes highly alkaline, and magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and carbonate apatite crystallize. Incorporation of the infecting bacteria within the developing stone, results in a focus of infection that is resistant to conventional antimicrobial therapy, and which is manifested clinically by repeated urinary tract infection caused by persistent bacteriuria. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) currently is accepted as the election treatment for most renal calculi. This trial examines the bacteriologic aspects pre and post-ESWL. Eighty adult patients, 47 females and 33 males, without clinical signs of urinary tract infections (UTI) were submitted to urine cultures pre and post-ESWL. The first 50 patients underwent during and post-ESWL, 150 blood cultures, which all proved to be negative, confirming very low risk of generalized sepsis. No patient presented fever, chills or rigors pre or postprocedures. With respect to urine cultures 43 patients (52.5

) had a pre-ESWL UTI, in comparison to 49 (60

) who had a UTI post-ESWL. The distribution of organisms pre and post-ESWL was as follows: Proteus mirabilis (22/22), Escherichia coli (11/11), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4/5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2/2), Enterobacter cloacae (0/1), Alcaligenes odorans (1/2) Enterococcus faecalis (1/3), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1/2) and Candida albicans (1/1). In this study 6 patients presented bacteriuria post-ESWL probably due to bacteria from inside the calculi. According to these results, the risk of bacteremia seems to be very low. In 60

of staghorn renal stones we could demonstrate a bacterial infection.

[Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) as monotherapy using the Dornier HM-3 in staghorn kidney lithiasis. Effectiveness of the use of a double J catheter]. / Litotricia extracorpórea con ondas de choque (ESWL) como monoterapia con Dornier HM-3 en litiasis renales coraliformes. Utilidad del uso del catéter doble J.

The authors reviewed 110 cases of staghorn calculi (71 complete and 39 incomplete) from 693 cases of lithiasis that had been treated over a 15-month period at their hospital with the Dornier HM-3 lithotripter. Good results were achieved in 72.2% of the cases. One patient had a fall in hematocrit and a subcapsular hematoma which evolved well. Of the patients who did not have a double-J catheter, 33.6% had steinstrasse versus 27.9% of those who did. Because the complication rate is lower when double-J catheter placement is combined with ESWL this approach is recommended instead of PCN + ESWL.